《1∶5万植被图》填图新模式研究

以太行山摩天岭为样区，以１∶５万地形图为底图，研制出了一种用平面图、剖面图与网络图相结合的绘制植被图的“双面图法”。用该法绘制的植被图，其正面为平面图和剖面图，背面为相对应的网格图。该图能对每种植被层片（或类型）和植物种的自然分布进行科学定位，能反映出各区域的土壤类型，并能显示出小区域的气候因子。     

荒漠化监测中县级植被监测和评价信息系统的框架结构

县级荒漠化监测是中国荒漠化监测体系的重要组成部分。植被变化监测是荒漠化监测的主要内容之一。因此,以县为单元,研究建立荒漠化植被监测的框架和信息处理和评价方法很有必要。文章给出了多时相属性数据和空间数据一体化的县级植被监测和评价信息系统(Vegetation Monitoring and Evaluation Information System,VMEIS)的结构框架、功能模块组成和相应的组织机构要求。以期为今后这一课题的深入研究提供帮助。     

蒸腾速率、阻力与叶内外水势和光强关系的研究

本文采用ＬＩ一１６００稳态气孔计和压力室测定了杨柴的蒸腾速率、阻力、叶水势及其环境因子的日变化，分析结果表明：当０～２ｍ土层内土壤平均水势在－０．０４～－０．２０ＭＰａ时，光照强度是影响杨柴等树木蒸腾速率的主要因子，它主要是通过影响蒸腾阻力所致。光照强度（Ｌｉ）与蒸腾阻力（Ｄｒ）的关系符合方程Ｄｒ＝ａｅｂ／Ｌｉ。这样，根据光照强度对阻力的影响过程，把光照强度与蒸腾速率（Ｔｒ）的关系分成３个区段：①弱光照区，Ｔｒ＝Ｋ／Ｄｒ；②过渡区，Ｔｒ＝Ｋ·ψＬ－Ａ／Ｄｒ；③光饱和区，Ｔｒ＝ａ·ψＬ－Ａ＋ｂ，其中ａ、ｂ和Ｋ是系数。     

广东康禾自然保护区植物区系研究

根据对保护区的植被调查,分析了该保护区的植物区系、生活型谱和植被类型,结果显示该保护区植物区系组成以泛热带和热带亚洲成分最为丰富,各占30.5%和13.8%;生活型谱以高位芽植物占绝对优势,但比例略低于近纬度带的阴那山等地区;植被类型主要为亚热带常绿阔叶林,但因人为破坏较严重,现有植被主要为次生性较强的常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林。     

Tillage Effects on Crop Yield and Physicochemical Properties of Sodic Soils

Tillage modifies soil structure and has been suggested as a practice to improve physical, hydrological and chemical properties of compacted soils. But little is known about effect of long‐term tillage on physicochemical soil properties and crop yield on sodic soils in India. Our objective was to investigate the effect of different tillage regimes on crop yield (wheat and paddy rice) and physicochemical properties of sodic soils. Two sodic sites under conventional tillage for 5 (5‐YT; 5‐year tillage) and 9 (9‐YT; 9‐year tillage) years were selected for this study. Changes in crop yield and physicochemical soil properties were compared with a control, sodic land without any till history, that is, 0‐year tillage/untilled (0‐YT). Five replicated samples at 0‐ to 10‐cm and 10‐ to 20‐cm soils depths were analysed from each site. In the top, 0‐ to 10‐cm soil depth 5‐YT and 9‐YT sites had higher particle density (Pd), porosity, water holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen (N_t), available nitrogen (N_avail), phosphorus (P_avail) and exchangeable calcium (Exch. Ca⁺⁺) than 0‐YT, whereas bulk density (Bd), C : N ratio and CaCO₃ were significantly lower. Bd, pH, EC and CaCO₃ increased significantly with depth in all the lands, whereas Pd, porosity, water holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, organic carbon, N_t, N_avail, P_avail and Exch. Ca⁺⁺ decreased. We conclude that continuous tillage and cropping can be useful for physical and chemical restoration of sodic soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Terrestrial Arthropods in the Initial Restoration Stages of Anthracite Coal Mine Spoil Heaps in Northwestern Spain: Potential Usefulness of Higher Taxa as Restoration Indicators

An “edaphic‐landscape” restoration was performed in two anthracite coal mine spoil heaps located in NW Spain as a demonstration and pilot program for the restoration of coal mine spoils. Terrestrial arthropods were used to monitor the process as an alternative to the use of secondary succession of plants or physico‐chemical indicators of soils. This study analyzes the usefulness of the terrestrial arthropods at different taxonomic levels (orders of Arthropoda, families of Coleoptera, and species of Carabidae) as restoration indicators in the initial restoration stages. The terrestrial arthropods respond rapidly to restoration, and the results may be explained by short‐term increase in abiotic factors resulting from the applied techniques, mainly the animal origin of the organic matter added and the biodegradable coconut geotextile. Carabidae is of relatively low value as a short‐term restoration indicator at a specific level. Coleoptera provided the best information for interpreting the ecological results over the short term and had the best relationship with the cost of identification. Likewise, the results showed that the edaphic‐landscape restoration leads to an abnormal arthropod assemblage in the short term because of an excessive abundance of isopods and polydesmids. No clear convergence appeared toward any of the terrestrial arthropod communities present in the grassland, scrubland, or woodland semi‐natural areas, which were used as reference end point. The restoration indicator value produced by the higher taxonomic levels of the studied terrestrial arthropods may be useful and cost‐effective for assessing short‐term changes caused by environmental restorations performed to recover ecosystems affected by mining activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation Study of the Impact of Permanent Groundcover on Soil and Water Changes in Jujube Orchards on Sloping Ground

Land degradation is recognized as a major environmental problem in rainfed fruit orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Six treatments were used to investigate surface runoff and soil moisture by means of simulated rainfall experiments: (i) a control (clean cultivation) (CC); (ii) strip cock's foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cover (SCF); (iii) strip crown vetch (Coronilla varia L.) cover (SCV); (iv) strip bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) cover (SBF); (v) strip white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cover (SWC); and (vi) complete white clover cover (WCC). The time to runoff was significantly longer under WCC than under other treatments (p < 0·05). The total runoff volume and sediment yield were significantly greater under CC than under the vegetation cover treatments (p < 0·05). The mean infiltration rate under WCC and CC was the largest and lowest and differed significantly from that under other treatments (p < 0·05). The change of soil water storage was the largest under WCC and the least under CC. The soil moisture was significantly greater under SCF than under other treatments (p < 0·05). Treatment SCF seemed to be the best groundcover for rainfed sloping jujube orchards on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

从能量原理推导J积分的表达式

本文用最小位能原理和最小余能原理，推导出了弹塑性断裂力学中的Ｊ积分表达式．并由此而得到非线性弹性材料和弹塑性材料的平面裂纹尖端发生断裂前，位能与众能同时达到最小值．这一推导，为能量原理在断裂力学中的应用提出了一个新的见解．     

对I-214杨树叶片中蔗糖装载的研究

利用~(14)C—蔗糖的研究结果表明,NaVO_3(钒酸钠)对蔗糖的装载有强烈的抑制作用。如果蔗糖溶液中含有100 mmoL·L~(-1)的NaVO_3,则蔗糖的装载速率将下降50％左右。这说明,蔗糖的装载可能是靠H~+-运转酶所建立的H~+电化学梯度所推动的。同时,蔗糖的装载在某种程度上受筛管复合体系内压力势的影响,降低压力势可以促进蔗糖的装载,故压力势可能是调节“源-库”关系的因素之一。     

2种热带珍稀果树蛋黄果和蛋黄桃榄果在粤西引种试验及其发展潜力分析

从国外引进两种珍稀果树蛋黄果和蛋黄桃榄果,在粤西地区进行引种栽培试验以各个果树品种的生长量、保存率和结果情况来评价各品种的适应性,最后对两种果树在我国的发展潜力作了分析和预测。